The collection currently contains . Identifying and locating primary sources can be challenging. In this first video of a 2-part tutorial, we will discuss primary sources. The tools are designed to support 3 levels of critical thinking and inquiry skills (explore, analyse and critically analyse) for years 1 to 13. Despite initial difficulties, Sulla was successful with minimal resources and preparation; with few Roman troops, he hastily levied allied soldiers and advanced quickly into rugged terrain before routing superior enemy forces. The proceeds from auctioned property more than made up for the cost of rewarding those who killed the proscribed, filling the treasury. Internet History Sourcebooks Project: Ancient History - Fordham University Primary sources include historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, and art objects. He had one child from this union, before his first wife's death. The allies in central and southern Italy had fought side by side with Rome in several wars and had grown restive under Roman autocratic rule, wanting instead Roman citizenship and the privileges it conferred. [141][140][142][143][144] Accounts were also written that he had an infestation of worms, caused by the ulcers, which led to his death. Lucius Cornelius Sulla "Felix" (138-78 B.C.) - ThoughtCo The Steamboat Adventure. He can hardly have been in any doubt. Archelaus then hid in the nearby marshes before escaping to Chalcis. If Sulla had married one of the Julii Caesares, this could explain Marius' willingness to entrust such an important task to a young man with no military experience, as Marius too had married into that family. [47], Sulla's campaign in Cappadocia had led him to the banks of the Euphrates, where he was approached by an embassy from the Parthian Empire. Internet History Sourcebooks Project - Fordham University He then reinforced this decision by legislation, retroactively justifying his illegal march on the city and stripping the twelve outlaws of their Roman citizenship. It is intended to serve the needs of teachers and students in college survey courses in modern European history and American history, as well as in modern Western Civilization and World Cultures. Primary sources are original . The veto power of the tribunes and their legislating authority were soon reinstated, ironically during the consulships of Pompey and Crassus.[150]. La riunione periodica sulla sicurezza e la salute dei lavoratori: chi The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla - Primary Source Edition Paperback - September 30, 2013 by Augustus Henry Beesly (Author) 3.4 out of 5 stars 4 ratings While Sulla was moving in the south, Scipio fought Pompey in Picenum but was defeated when his troops again deserted. Sulla's law waived the sponsio, allowing such cases to be heard without it. A Timeline of the Wars of Marius and Sulla | History Hit Examples of tertiary sources include encyclopedias and dictionaries, chronologies, almanacs, directories, indexes, and bibliographies. Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other researchers. [76] Without troops defending Rome itself, Sulla entered the city; once there, however, his men were pelted with stones from the rooftops by common people. In, Constitutional reforms of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic, L. Cornelius (392) L. f. P. n. Sulla Felix ('Epaphroditus'), Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulla&oldid=1142439185. [113], Sulla crossed the Adriatic for Brundisium in spring of 83BC with five legions of Mithridatic veterans, capturing Brundisium without a fight. This brief guide is designed to help students and researchers find and evaluate primary sources available online. Secondary sources are a step removed from primary sources. You can use the following terms to search HOLLIS for primary sources:. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. Moreover, the people knew that Sulla was friends with Bocchus, a rich foreign monarch, and rejected his standing for the praetorship to induce him to spend money on games. Gaius Marius, a lieutenant of Metellus, returned to Rome to stand for the consulship in 107BC. [91], During close of the Social War, in 89BC, Mithridates VI Eupator of Pontus invaded Roman Asia. Sulla and Pompeius Rufus opposed the bill, which Sulpicius took as a betrayal; Sulpicius, without the support of the consuls, looked elsewhere for political allies. He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. At the meeting, he took the seat between the Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, and Ariobarzanes, seeking to gain psychological advantage over the Partian envoy by portraying the Parthians and the Cappadocians as equals with Rome as superior. His troops prepared the ground by starting to dig a series of three trenches, which successfully contained Pontic cavalry. Lucius other name: Sulla Details individual; military/naval; official; Roman; Male. under Gaius Marius in the wars against the Numidian rebel Jugurtha. PDF 1 Marius' Mules: Paving the Path to Power Mary Wright Seminar Paper Copyright statement. [28][29], Under Marius, the Roman forces followed a very similar plan as under Metellus, capturing and garrisoning fortified positions in the African countryside. [22] His first wife was called either Ilia or Julia. 82 BC. [95], Mithridates' successes against the Romans incited a revolt by the Athenians against Roman rule. Books. For instance, Da Vinci's Mona Lisa is a primary source because it is the most famous art piece during the Renaissance period. By. 9, The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146-43 BC. [109] Faced with Fimbria's army in Asia, Lucullus' fleet off the coast, and internal unrest, Mithridates eventually met with Sulla at Dardanus in autumn 85BC and accepted the terms negotiated by Archelaus. . Sulla's body was brought into the city on a golden bier, escorted by his veteran soldiers, and funeral orations were delivered by several eminent senators, with the main oration possibly delivered by Lucius Marcius Philippus or Hortensius. Hind 1992, p.150 dismisses claims in Plutarch and Vellius Paterclus of Athens being forced to cooperate with Mithridates as "very hollow" and "apologia". Marius and his son, along with some others, escaped to Africa. Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) - HistoryOfWar.org [21] Regardless, by the standards of the Roman political class, Sulla was a very poor man. His son, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, issued denarii bearing the name of the dictator,[151] as did a grandson, Quintus Pompeius Rufus. An example of the extent of his charming side was that his soldiers would sing a ditty about Sulla's one testicle, although without truth, to which he allowed as being "fond of a jest. Making of America. Provides tips on how to read and use primary sources in historical research. [138], As promised, when his tasks were complete, Sulla returned his powers and withdrew to his country villa near Puteoli to be with his family. The two primary sources for this paper are Sallust's He's remembered best for bringing his soldiers into Rome, the killing of Roman citizens, and his military skill in several areas. The Senate immediately sent an embassy demanding an explanation for his seeming march on the fatherland, to which Sulla responded boldly, saying that he was freeing it from tyrants. . The Late Republic - Clarkson In a typical year, the Graduate Acting Department will personally audition more than 800 students in order to select an ensemble of 16 actors. The Social War - Spartacus Educational Sulla hurried in full force towards Rome and there fought the Battle of the Colline Gate on the afternoon of 1 November 82BC. He was, however, defeated. Further, Sulla failed to frame a settlement whereby the army (following the Marian reforms allowing nonland-owning soldiery) remained loyal to the Senate, rather than to generals such as himself. Types of Sources and Where to Find Them: Primary Sources When it came to hiding his intentions, his mind was incredibly unfathomable, yet with all else he was extremely generous; especially with money. [109] When Flaccus' consular army marched through Macedonia towards Thrace, his command was usurped by his legate Gaius Flavius Fimbria, who had Flaccus killed before chasing Mithridates with his army into Asia itself. At the same time, the younger Marius sent word to assemble the Senate and purge it of suspected Sullan sympathisers: the urban praetor Lucius Junius Brutus Damasippus then had four prominent men killed at the ensuing meeting. Wikipedia entry. Source: Ammianus Marcellinus, History, XIV.16: "The Luxury of the Rich in Rome," c. 400 A.D. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. 134/4 C.Marius spends his early life in the countryside near Arpinum. [100] The Pontic casualties given in Plutarch and Appian, the main sources for the battles, are exaggerated; Sulla's report that he suffered merely fifteen losses is not credible. Even those whom Sulla had quarrelled with (including Publius Cornelius Cethegus, whom Sulla had outlawed in 88 BC) defected to join his side. Historians and other scholars classify sources as primary or secondary. primary name: Sulla, Lucius Cornelius other name: Cornelius L f P n Sulla Felix . [63] All of these victories would have been won before the consular elections in October 89. aking of America (MoA) is a digital library of primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction. But it was from 59, Nero's fifth year as emperor that things started to go seriously . Sulla, meanwhile, had to allow matters to unfold beyond his control. [81.4] It note also contains an account of Thracian . As this caused a general murmur, he let one day pass, and then proscribed 220 more, and again on the third day as many. Primary sources - Roman Republic and Empire - Research Guides at CSU He might have been disinherited, though it was "more likely" that his father simply had nothing to bequeath. He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. Sulla raised important cavalry forces for Marius and was responsible for the . Primary sources are "first-hand" information, sources as close as possible to the origin of the information or idea under study. Primary Sources (1) Speech by Gaius Marius in the Senate, quoted by Sallust in his book The Jugurthine War (c. 40 BC) . Also, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, Nero's cousin, was exiled as a potential rival in 58. Resigning his dictatorship in 79 BC, Sulla retired to private life and died the following year. Student Engagement: Primary source materials "help spark students . [17] Sallust declares him well-read, intelligent, and he was fluent in Greek. He brought Pompeii under siege. [25] After the war started, several Roman commanders were bribed (Bestia and Spurius), and one (Aulus Postumius Albinus) was defeated. Of the twelve outlaws, only Sulpicius was killed after being betrayed by a slave. You can limit HOLLIS searches to your time period, but sources may be published later, such as a person's diary published posthumously. Sulla then served as legate under his former commander and, in that stead, successfully subdued a Gallic tribe which revolted in the aftermath of a previous Roman defeat. In art, literature, and cultural studies, primary sources . [102] According to the ancient sources, Archelaus commanded between 60,000 and 120,000 men;[103] in the aftermath, he allegedly escaped with only 10,000. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (/ s l /; 138-78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman.He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force.. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship.A gifted and innovative general, he achieved . With Mithridates' armies in Europe almost entirely destroyed, Archelaus and Sulla negotiated a set of relatively cordial peace terms which were then forwarded to Mithridates. Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. He left one of his allies, Quintus Lucretius Afella to maintain the siege at Praeneste and moved for Rome. What Is a Primary Source? [59], In the first year of fighting, Roman strategy was largely one of containment, attempting to stop the revolting allies from spreading their rebellion into Roman-controlled territory. [137][15] In a manner that the historian Suetonius thought arrogant, Julius Caesar later mocked Sulla for resigning the dictatorship. [124] The purge did little to strengthen resolve and when Sulla arrived at Rome, the city opened its gates and his opponents fled. [105] Sulla moved to intercept Flaccus' army in Thessaly, but turned around when Pontic forces reoccupied Boetia. [73] The consuls, fearful of intimidation of Sulpicius and his armed bodyguards, declared a suspension of public business (iustitium) which led to Sulpicius and his mob forcing the consuls to flee. After some days, both sides engaged in battle. His colleague was, 79 BC: Retires from political life, refusing the, 78 BC: Dies, perhaps of an intestinal ulcer, with funeral held in Rome, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 11:05. Marius and Sulla are very curious figures in the late Roman Republic. Essentially, they're sources about primary sources. [106] Roman forces then surrounded the Pontic camp. By the end of the war, the SSA had conscripted over 2.8 million American men. Church and W. J. Brodribb. Sulla then settled affairs "reparations, rewards, administrative and financial arrangements for the future" in Asia, staying there until 84BC. In a dispute over the command of the war against Mithridates, initially awarded to Sulla by the Senate, but withdrawn as a result of Marius' intrigues, Sulla marched on Rome in an unprecedented act and defeated Marian forces in battle. Catulus, with Sulla, moved to block their advance; the two men likely cooperated well. Sulla's arrival in Brundisium induced defections from the Senate in Rome: Marcus Licinius Crassus, who had already fled from the Cinnan regime, raised an army in Spain, and departed for Africa to join with Metellus Pius (who also joined the Sullans), joined Sulla even before his landing in Italy. He dismissed his lictores and walked unguarded in the Forum, offering to give account of his actions to any citizen. The young Gaius Julius Caesar, as Cinna's son-in-law, became one of Sulla's targets, and fled the city. [59] Sulla served as one of the legates in the southern theatre assigned to consul Lucius Julius Caesar. A primary source is an original object or document -- the raw material or first-hand information. After massacring a number of Italian traders who supported one of his rivals, indignation erupted as to Jugurtha's use of bribery to secure a favourable peace treaty; called to Rome to testify on bribery charges, he successfully plotted the assassination of one another royal claimant before returning home. [19] Plutarch mentions that during his last marriage to Valeria, he still kept company with "actresses, musicians, and dancers, drinking with them on couches night and day.[20]. As a result, "husbands were butchered in the arms of their wives, sons in the arms of their mothers. There, Sulla attacked him in an indecisive battle. He was to return the kingdoms of Bithynia and Cappadocia to Nicomedes and Ariobarzanes, respectively. [117] Sulla attempted to open negotiations with Norbanus, who was at Capua, but Norbanus refused to treat and withdrew to Praeneste as Sulla advanced. Sulla, in full Lucius Cornelius Sulla or later Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix, (born 138 bcedied 79 bce, Puteoli [Pozzuoli, near Naples, Italy]), victor in the first full-scale civil war in Roman history (88-82 bce) and subsequently dictator (82-79), who carried out notable constitutional reforms in an attempt to strengthen the Roman Republic during the last century of its existence. The personal motto was "no better friend, no worse enemy.". Works of art, in general, are considered primary sources. In 89BC, one of the tribunes of the plebs passed the lex Plautia Papiria, which granted citizenship to all of the allies (with exception for the Samnites and Lucanians still under arms). Guide. Marius, an Italian by birth rather than a pure Roman, was a relative newcomer to the Roman elite, and he was considered an outsider by the Senate fathers. Lucius Cornelius Sulla | Nemesis of the Roman Empire | Study.com This, along with the increase in the number of courts, further added to the power that was already held by the senators. [111], The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests for Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. This led him to a secret deal with Marius, who had for years been coveting another military command, in which Marius would support Sulpicius' Italian legislation in exchange for a law transferring Sulla's command to Marius. (5) Horace, Epode (c. 35 BC) [60], The next year, 89BC, Sulla served as legate under the consul Lucius Porcius Cato. "[147] Plutarch claims he had seen Sulla's personal motto carved on his tomb on the Campus Martius. Demanding transfer to Catulus' (Marius' consular colleague) army, he received it. Primary Sources: The 1960s: Selma to Montgomery March (1965) After the battle, Marius withdrew to Praeneste and was there besieged. 213/23 P.Cornelius Sulla is chosen to be Flamen Dialis. Faced with mobilizing a sufficient fighting force, Congress passed the Selective Service Act on May 18, 1917. Social War, also called Italic War, or Marsic War, (90-89 bc), rebellion waged by ancient Rome's Italian allies (socii) who, denied the Roman franchise, fought for independence. After one of the other legates was killed by his men, Sulla refused to discipline them except by issuing a proclamation imploring them to show more courage against the enemy. Due to his meeting the minimum age requirement of thirty, he stood for the quaestorship in 108BC. [40] But Catulus' army was defeated in the eastern Alps and withdrew from Venetia and thence to the southern side of the river Po. He had close connections to the imperial family and was the husband of Antonia, Claudius's daughter, and might thus have been seen as a threat to Nero. [108] Adding to his challenges was Lucullus' fleet, reinforced by Rhodian allies. The Roman general and dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 B.C.) Family members of the proscribed were not excluded from punishment, and slaves were not excluded from rewards. The breakdown allowed Sulla to play the aggrieved party and place blame on his enemies for any further bloodshed. An inscription on a sixteenth-century tombstone in Istanbul would be a primary source from the Classical Ottoman Age. Sulla then duly besieged the city. Gaius Sallustius Crispus (Sallust) was born Amiternum in the country of the Sabines in 86 BC. Biography Roman military commander and dictator of the Roman republic (81-80 BC). Introduction. [94] While Rome was preparing to move against Pontus, Mithridates arranged the massacre of some eighty thousand Roman and Italian expatriates and their families, confiscating any available properties. Some of these historians lived at the time of the events, and therefore, may actually be primary sources, but others, especially Plutarch (CE 45-125), who covers men from multiple eras, lived later than the events they describe. Primary vs. Secondary - Primary Sources: A Research Guide - Research A primary source (also called original . If Plutarch's text is to be amended to "Julia", then she is likely to have been one of the Julias related to Julius Caesar, most likely. They had, however, fallen on hard times. Over the previous 300 years, the tribunes had directly challenged the patrician class and attempted to deprive it of power in favor of the plebeian class. [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. Encyclopaedia Romana - Has essays on several aspects of ancient Rome. [34] The publicity attracted by this feat boosted Sulla's political career. Examples include journal articles, reviews . Ozzy Osbourne Grandchildren, Dalton Smith Pogo Stick, Best Basketball Camps In Ontario, Rinnai R53i Parts Diagram, Mennonite Vs Amish Vs Mormon, [13][14][15] Sulla's family thereafter did not reach the highest offices of the state until Sulla himself. Dual domestications and origin of traits in grapevine evolution Ancient accounts of Sulla's death indicate that he died from liver failure or a ruptured gastric ulcer (symptomized by a sudden hemorrhage from his mouth, followed by a fever from which he never recovered), possibly caused by chronic alcohol abuse. Types of Sources Explained | Examples & Tips - Scribbr Sulla then prohibited ex-tribunes from ever holding any other office, so ambitious individuals would no longer seek election to the tribunate, since such an election would end their political career. [92] In the summer of 88, he reorganised the administration of the area before unsuccessfully besieging Rhodes. [126] Sulla's specific movements are very vaguely described in Appian, but he was successful in preventing the Italians from relieving Praeneste or joining with Carbo. Sulla's descendants continued to be prominent in Roman politics into the imperial period. was a major figure in the late Roman Republic. This, of course, made him very popular with the poorer citizens. [23] The means by which Sulla attained the fortune which later would enable him to ascend the ladder of Roman politics are not clear; Plutarch refers to two inheritances, one from his stepmother (who loved him dearly) and the other from his mistress Nicopolis. This may have been related to Sulla's campaign for the consulship. Find & Discover | Primary Sources at Yale Secondary sources include: Essays analyzing novels, works of art, and other original creations. sulla primary sources The second was Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who died young. [98] He separately besieged Athens and Piraeus (the Long Walls had since been demolished). Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. Cinna violently quarrelled with his co-consul, Gnaeus Octavius. At the same time, Marius had annihilated the Cimbri's allies, the Teutones, at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae. This, of course, meant that many cases were never heard at all, as poorer clients did not have the money for the sponsio. However, his candidature was dealt a blow when he was brought up on charges of extorting Ariobarzanes. Tip: If you are unsure if a source you have found is primary, talk to your instructor, librarian, or archivist. [99], Discovering a weak point in the walls and popular discontent with the Athenian tyrant Aristion, Sulla stormed and captured Athens (except the Acropolis) on 1 March 86BC. The law was vetoed by one of the tribunes, but when Quintus Pompeius Rufus went to Pompey Strabo's army to take command under the Senate's authority, he was promptly assassinated after his arrival and assumption of command, almost certainly on Strabo's orders. Encyclopedias. [110], After peace was reached, Sulla advanced on Fimbria's forces, which deserted their upstart commander. He also divorced his then-wife Cloelia and married Metella, widow of the recently-deceased Marcus Aemilius Scaurus. [27], When Marius took over the war, he entrusted Sulla to organise cavalry forces in Italy needed to pursue the mobile Numidians into the desert. [81.3] Magnesia, the only city in Asia that remained loyal, was defended against Mithridates with the greatest courage. [68] Shortly after Sulla's election, probably in the last weeks of the year, Sulla married his daughter to one of his colleague Pompeius Rufus' sons. Marius arranged for Sulla to lift the iustitium and allow Sulpicius to bring proposals; Sulla, in a "desperately weak position [received] little in return[,] perhaps no more than a promise that Sulla's life would be safe". Sulla and the proscriptions Lucius Cornelius Sulla was consul in 88 BC (and again in 80 BC) and dictator from 82 to 79 BC. Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. The collection is particularly strong in the subject areas of education, psychology, American history, sociology, religion, and science and technology. Lucius Cornelius Sulla I. Taking Action: Benefits for students that extend beyond the classroom. The circumstances of his relative poverty as a young man left him removed from his patrician brethren, enabling him to consort with revelers and experience the baser side of human nature.