In B. Grofman et al. Descriptive research has advantages and disadvantages with researchers accounting for positive and negative variables. Professionals often use descriptive statistics to communicate simple trends within a data set. By conducting research and engaging with faculty and students at Harvard Kennedy School and beyond, the fellows enrich the intellectual life of the center. that is one example, One of their most vital discoveries was that distinction in wrongdoing rates crosswise over territories did not change with changes in the populace yet remained steady crosswise over time. 6. The epistemic conception of deliberative democracy defended. London: Sage. At extended last, mindful neighbors will probably concur upon common issues and cooperate to explain, As we look at social disorganization theory we knew that they were using spatial maps to look at the locations of juveniles. It is always recommended to visit an institution's official website for more information. While descriptive statistics describe data, inferential statistics allows you to make predictions from data. Pros and Cons of Proportional Representation Measures like percentiles and quartiles become very useful in this area of expertise. The analysis will stress that the deliberative function of democracy requires de-scriptive representation far more than does the aggregative function. Descriptive representation is a way of thinking about representation in which it is thought to be important that representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents. Pros & Cons of Descriptive Research Varied. Multicultural citizenship. From class actions to Miss Saigon. A theory of justice. Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. The chapter discusses the costs and benefits of descriptive representation under state feminism in the light of institutional variation and the fact of reasonable normative disagreement. African Americans made up the largest percentage, with forty-eight members, while Latinos accounted for thirty-two members, up from nineteen just over a decade before. The importance of descriptive representation in regards to minorities has been the subject of many debates in the past. One example of this is the district context hypothesis that states that individuals in districts. It is based on the belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in key demographic characteristics as gender, ethnicity, or religion. 2 Winter 2014, Intersecting Interests: Gender, Race and Congressional Attention to Womens Issues, RETHINKING WOMEN'S SUBSTANTIVE REPRESENTATION. Descriptive research is a form of research that relies on a variety of different techniques to organize information. Towards a European union gender equality index. Though the theory was that crime was around certain citys and remained stable within certain areas despite changes in the populations where certain people lived in the community. Wagle Estate, Thane-400604, Maharashtra, India. The Pros and Cons of Writing Description. Martin, J. R. (1994). Rallies and protests have emerged from incidents that dealt with racial profiling. Mansbridge, J. Nussbaum, M. (1999). Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Descriptive Representation Descriptive representation refers to the election of racial and ethnic minor-ity members to policymaking bodies (Pitkin 1967). In this contribution we distinguish the substantive and the descriptive approach of representation. (2002). The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. Descriptive vs Predictive vs Prescriptive Analytics | Key Differences Sloman (1985) has also argued the pros and cons of analogical representations, and has concluded that a variety of representation formalismsincluding those specialized for spatial reasoningare important to AI problem solving. Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51765-4_5, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Gain seats easily: A party that receives a high enough percentage of votes has a seat in . The closest comparative system would be the representative republic, such as used in the United States. It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. Affordable. 14 Crucial Pros and Cons of Representative Democracy Gender representation and quotas. \(\overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=} \). Don't want to keep filling in name and email whenever you want to comment? For example, you work for a television station and want to understand your viewers better. Explaining Ethnic Minority Preferences in Bulgarian Elections, Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests, Politics at the Intersection: A Cross-National Analysis of Minority Women's Legislative Representation, Electoral Systems and Citizen-Elite Ideological Congruence, Womens Representation via Parliamentary Questions (with Sven Schiltz), Regendering party politics: An introduction, Religious Identity and Descriptive Representation, THE STATE OF DEMOCRACY AND REPRESENTATION IN AUSTRALIA, Voting Locally Abstaining Nationally: Descriptive Representation, Substantive Representation and Minority Voters Turnout, Activating Human Rights and Peace: Universal Responsibility Conference 2008 Conference Proceedings, Personal Attributes and Latino Voting Behavior in Congress, Between Science and Engineering: Reflections on the APSA Presidential Task Force on Political Science, Electoral Rules, and Democratic Governance. In the first place, learning of our neighbors gives us the inclination that we must keep an eye out for them. University of Neuchtel. Annual Review of Political Science, 12, 5169. The maximization use of an executive law-making body is the crucial advantage that representative democracy can offer. The purpose of this study is to examine the consequences of the level of descriptive representation of women in the National Parliament (NP) and European Parliament (EP) on the substantive representation of women. However, they no longer go gentle into that goodnight. Representation is crucial for democracy: good representation helps to increase re-sponsiveness, foster electoral turnout, increase political interest and include minori-ties. Pages 491-507. (1995). 7. 3. People of color are also serving as mayors across the country, including in major cities like D.C., Chicago, Baltimore, and Atlanta. Peter, F. (2011). Acta Politica, 4, 389403. When determining whether or not legislators are representing their constituents interests, scholars using voting studies may overstate the role of strategic factors, such as reelection goals and constituent influence, while understating the effect of descriptive characteristics. Barry, B. This leaves lasting impacts, not only emotionally, but mentally and psychologically as well. This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. Cons. Young, I. M. (2000). A vast literature debates the efficacy of descriptive representation in legislatures. New York: Free Press. Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. Racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 90 percent of the population growth in the United States from 2000 to 2010, and the United States is rapidly becoming even more diverse. Crenshaw, K. (1991). This is the conceptual view of the end product, whatever the owner can think about relative to its use. Descriptivists allow for change and are willing to forgo some rules to fit current norms. Her work has appeared on various digital properties, including USAToday.com. Four of those types include tables, bar graphs, line graphs and pie charts. Movies represent cultural values and Disney's legacy of mostly white princesses depicts our racist society. Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. 23 Advantages and Disadvantages of Qualitative Research 17 Advantages and Disadvantages of Experimental Research - ConnectUS 1. List of Pros of Bicameral Legislature. In 1971, to better represent their interests, these representatives founded the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), an organization that grew out of a Democratic select committee formed in 1969. Tannen, D. (1994). 18 Advantages and Disadvantages of Purposive Sampling The limitation that comes with statistics is that it can't allow you to make any sort of conclusions beyond the . Copyright 2020 Chemtech Speciality India Pvt. In the wake of the Civil Rights Movement, African American representatives also began to enter Congress in increasing numbers. Diagnostic analytics gives the reason why something happened. Companies can collect data first-hand based on stats and unbiased information. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. Economics and Philosophy, 11, 2556. Study designs Centre for Evidence-Based - University of Oxford 3. Descriptive representation occurs when elected politicians are typical of the larger class of persons that they represent, such that blacks represent blacks, disabled people represent disabled people and so on. In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. Palgrave Macmillan, London. They delineate achievement and motivate students to study hard and perform well. In this way, it couldn't just be that distinctive individuals lived in the high-wrongdoing territories than in the low-wrongdoing zones. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. At the heart of freedom: Feminism, sex & equality. Journal of European Social Policy, 19(1), 1933. Namely, the institutional design of the state legislature matters in terms of electoral responsiveness, with Florida and New Mexico the most responsive, and New York and the U.S. House the least responsive to the election of Latino legislators. The goal of a time restriction is to create a measurable outcome so that metrics can be in place. Although the federal government of the United States is said to strive to construct a homogeneous nation when it comes to equal rights and opportunities for its citizens in different states and cities, there have been numerous historical occurrences that demonstrate opposing aims. Social justice in the age of identity politics: Redistribution, recognition, and participation. Learn how your comment data is processed. Journal of Political Philosophy, 12(1), 119. Mart, J. L. (2006). (eds) Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation. Minow, M. (1991). Convenience Sampling Defined: Pros & Cons. The Pros and Cons of Writing Description - Helping Writers Become Authors That structure makes it easier for extremist views to find official representation. to the people they represent. These descriptive The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). Represent Women?A Contingent "Yes" Jane Mansbridge Harvard University Disadvantaged groups gain advantages from descriptive representation in at least four contexts. Conducting a thorough survey relies on two things: willing participants and accurate data. Signs, 19(3), 630657. The first disadvantage is that descriptive research requires more skills. Difference between Descriptive and Inferential Statistics ), States of democracy: Gender and politics in Europe. CrossRef There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. Fleurbaey, M. (1995). Proportional representation is a complicated form of election. Marion Maddox, Kais Al-momani, Niki N. N. Dados, Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe, Leda Sutlovic, Toma Deelan, Danica Fink-Hafner, Jasminka Pesut, Centre for Peace and Social Justice Papers, The Institutional and Demographic Determinants of Latino Representation in State Legislatures, Legislative Oversight and the Substantive Representation of Black and Latino Interests in Congress, Women's Legislative Representation and Gender Equality: What Works in the Absence of a'Critical Mass', Quota Laws, Representation of Women and the Role of Civil Society Organizations, The Social and Political Forces Shaping Legislator-Constituent Relations: Expanding an Empirical Theory of Representation, Political Participation of Muslims in Australia, Citizen Panels and the Concept of Representation. Post- 2000 redistricting created more majority-Latino districts, although the absolute number of Latino legislators did not increase correspondingly. Creating a list that details both sides of the argument makes it easier to visualize the potential impact of your decision. Discrimination has not fallen short in any way and continues to build barriers for many people of color. The Impact of Descriptive Representation on Substantive Representation Sociologist. Yet, demographically speaking, Congress as a whole is still a long way from where the country is and remains largely white, male, and wealthy. Sound bar - Pros and Cons. Stetson, D., & Mazur, A. G. (1995). Another benefit of descriptive research is that it enables you to determine the behavior of people in a natural setting. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. Growing up, racial profiling was never a big deal to me or my family. Race itself was never something I viewed another, in the way women are portrayed in modern culture and society. Between facts and norms. Inspection; Surface Mount; Test; Through-Hole; Menu Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research. data sets are independent of each other most widely used method of data representation. Democratic political theory. Here are the major reasons for using graphics to highlight the pros & cons: Show the pluses and minuses of specific options. The Costs and Benefits of Descriptive Representation - ResearchGate Pros and Cons of different Prescriptive Analytics technologies . Collecting the data from different different organizations in the specific forms of data collection. Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. Descriptive research designs also offer a unique means of data collection. Williams, M. S. (1998). Cornell, D. (1998). The Limits of Descriptive Representation Current Affairs Oxford: Polity Press. Making your pros and cons list objectively can help weigh each pro and con against the others. While Congress is dominantly a male, white institution, the creation of majority-minority districts in the early 1990s resulted in the election of African-Americans and Hispanics to Congress. Theory Given that the case study focuses on an Australian MEM representative, I will use the definition of 'ethnic' by Gianni Zappala. However, what good representation should be is debated. Descriptive representation describes the extent to which public officials reflect the demographic composition of the constituents that they serve. As countries become more and more divers, they are looking for better understanding on descriptive representation and the driving force in regards to the minorities within their nation state. How Gender Composition and Decision Rules Affect Deliberation Tali Mendelberg Princeton University Christopher F. Karpowitz Brigham Young University Nicholas Goedert Washington University in St. Louis Does low descriptive representation inhibit substantive representation for women in deliberating groups? Tests: The Material and Tangible Effects of Descriptive Representation. Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. Quota problems: Combating the dangers of essentialism. Should Congress Look Like America? Descriptive studies include case reports, case-series, qualitative studies and surveys (cross-sectional) studies, which measure the frequency of several factors, and hence the size of the problem. Volume 52, Issue 3. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Phillips, A. Grofman, B. The procedures involved with experimental research make it possible to isolate specific variables within virtually any topic. In the most comprehensive treatment on this subject to date, this article demonstrates that states with higher turnover rates and citizen legislatures are more conducive to the election of Latinos and demonstrates the institutional and demographic differences among several states affecting Latino descriptive representation. Descriptive Representation and Political Efficacy: Evidence from Obama Swift, A. Pennock, J. R. (1979). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Government American Congress Congressional Representation. Young, I. M. (1994). 2. On the benefit side, intersectionality, welfare state and democratization seem to deliver several of the same goods as descriptive representation, raising the question of whether descriptive representation is at all recommendable, given what we know of its costliness. The concept of representation. The expansion of minority and female representation still continues at a slow pace. Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women's Distinctive Voice? Descriptive research does not rely on only one type of data; it relies on both quantitative and qualitative research. Prescriptive and descriptive theorists differ on their approach to instruction. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. PDF Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women's Distinctive Voice This forces the government to dissolve the coalition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Previous Figure Next Figure. Inclusion and democracy. The Pros And Cons Of Labor. In summary, we use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Signs, 19(3), 713738. The data from a descriptive research project can be collected from one person or a small group of people. PDF A Study of Strengths and Weaknesses of Descriptive Assessment from - ed descriptive representation is the extent to which a representative or legislative body resembles a given constituent and her social or demographic identities. Purpose. All names, acronyms, logos and trademarks displayed on this website are those of their respective owners. The flexibility of purposive sampling allows researchers to . It helps by saving time and money while collecting data. The extent to which a representative resembles those being represented. Race has been a long-standing and stubborn dividing line in local, state, and national politics in the United States (Rogers 6). Como Hacer Suero De Leche Venezolano, The body is responsible for implementing and drafting . Ideally, governmental policies aim to defend citizens of a specific territory by setting laws that promote and implement egalitarianism. In many areas of public administration and policy, the importance of descriptive representation or shared identity and perceived shared experience for racial and ethnic minorities is well documented. Subject materials can be evaluated with greater detail. Cambridge: Polity Press. (2001). An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the "what is" of a topic. The maximization use of an executive law-making body is the crucial advantage that representative democracy can offer. For example, if you are assembling a questionnaire, you might load the questions to direct the reader to answer a certain way. The Politics of Local Presence: Is there a Case for Descriptive Representation? Being a high school student I never payed much attention to anything outside of sports, academics and what crazy adventure me and my friends would be sucked into the upcoming weekend. Youve probably heard readers make that comment. Descriptive statistics is a form of analysis that helps you by describing, summarizing, or showing data in a meaningful way. The tyranny of the majority: Fundamental fairness in representative democracy. Conclusion. Compare the gains and losses of a proposal in the decision-making process. Sound Bar vs. Surround Sound - Pros and cons - Descriptive Audio By making the decision-making process more . Shaw and McKay created common complication hypothesis to explain variety crosswise over neighborhoods. An example of descriptive statistics would be finding a pattern that comes from the data you've taken. Disadvantages include the technical precision, time and funding resources necessary to create tables and graphs. The future of feminism. U.S Congress.docx - Surname 1 Name: Professor: Course: List of the Cons of Proportional Representation 1. The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). Perhaps the strongest argument for descriptive research is the fact that it offers well-rounded support for a thesis. Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics: Key Differences Welfare state and woman power: Essays in state feminism. October 2004. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Ironic to think that is how one is taught to act but stereotypes are now bigger than ever right? Prescriptive analytics offers decision support for the best course of action to get desired results. Because of such instances, today, many political representatives attempt to practice descriptive representation which promotes racial unity. On the negative side, descriptive research can sometimes be skewed to fit the needs of the researcher. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. Lexington: D. C. Heath. African Americans were routinely deprived of the opportunity to participate in democracy, and Hispanics and other minority groups were fairly insignificant in number and excluded by the states. The 114th Congress, which began in January 2015, had a historically large percentage of racial and ethnic minorities. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages of descriptive research. There are a few different ways to look at this by taking a look at different minority groups and examining their struggles. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. European Journal of Political Research, 32, 1852010. Weak coalition government:Proportional representation results in a weak and indecisive coalition government since every party wants to act in their best interest or get their own way with things. The pros and cons of descriptive research analysis. Minorities can be said to place themselves at a disadvantage because of their vulnerability and stubborn inability to, The fact that the social disorganization theory is pretty much you will that one one individual is influence of the people around him if he is in a neighbor hood known of robberies then the individual is more than likely going to be doing robberies.
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